In recent decades, Chinese researchers have become preeminent contributors to the scientific enterprise, as reflected by the number of publications originating from Chinese research institutions. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. New Responsibilities for Government. As in the case of the research sponsored during the war by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the research sponsored by the National Research Foundation should be conducted, in general, on an actual cost basis without profit to the institution receiving the research contract or grant. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. There are certain kinds of research - such as research on the improvement of existing weapons -- which can best be done within the military establishment. A study in the premier science journal notes the long term falling off of truly original findings, as opposed to endless citations of others' findings. Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President V. Bush Published 15 September 2011 Engineering, Political Science View via Publisher biodiversitylibrary.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 1,016 Citations Citation Type More Filters Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging T. Baycan, R. Stough Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. Further, it is clear that only the Government can undertake military research; for it must be carried on in secret, much of it has no commercial value, and it is expensive. Each year under this program 6,000 undergraduate scholarships would be made available to high school graduates, and 300 graduate fellowships would be offered to college graduates. These issues are more urgent than ever. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. Colleges and universities in which research will be conducted principally under contract with the Foundation are, unlike commercial institutions, not equipped to handle the detailed vouchering procedures and auditing technicalities which are required of the usual Government contractors. In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. . It should be brought to the center of the stage -- for in it lies much of our hope for the future. I. VI. III. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. Whereas in 1930 they were six times as large as the research expenditures of the colleges, universities, and research institutes, by 1940 they were nearly ten times as large. Author (s) Praise 18. Search the for Website expand_more. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. Science - The Endless Frontier . The classic case for why government must support sciencewith a new essay by physicist and former congressman Rush Holt on what democracy needs from science today. The director should receive a salary that is fully adequate to attract an outstanding man to the post. Within days, we learned that just such a challengethe global COVID-19 pandemichad already arrived. b/w, a candid image of Rust addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. 13 13. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. Publication: Science. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. Security Restrictions Should Be Lifted Promptly. INTRODUCTION The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. "Kei Koizumi, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "With Science, the Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush envisioned the cloistered infrastructure for US science research that has prevailed for nearly eighty years. Don't Bite the Sun by Tanith Lee (1977) The unnamed narrator and the other human inhabitants of the desert world's three cities are free to enjoy virtually every creature comfort they can . Between World War I and World War II the United States overtook all other nations in medical research and assumed a position of world leadership. There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. - 1. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. Each year 125,000 new mental cases are hospitalized. Moreover, whatever program is established it is vitally important that it satisfy the Five Fundamentals. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. 5. Consider, for example, water. There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. Only in the creation of one over-all mechanism rather than several does this report depart from the specific recommendations of the committees. Where will these new products come from? - The success of the National Research Foundation in promoting scientific research in this country will depend to a very large degree upon the cooperation of organizations outside the Government. Download PDF. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. Rights and permissions. We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. Use code FLASH at checkout. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. 9 reviews In 1945, Dr. Vannevar Bush, then director of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development, prepared a report for President Franklin Roosevelt to recommend a national approach towards science and research. The V-1 attack on London was finally defeated by three devices developed during this war and used superbly in the field. This welcome new edition combines Vannevar Bush's classic text with an urgent essay by Rush Holt on what the model can and cannot do for us in the twenty-first century. 20 as a Science offers a largely unexplored hinterland for the pioneer who has the tools for his task. Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture by Andrea Saltelli, Dorothy Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, Martin Pigeon :: SSRN Add Paper to My Library Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture Saltelli, Andrea, Dorothy J. Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, and Martin Pigeon. It is also clear that the effective discharge of these responsibilities will require the full attention of some over-all agency devoted to that purpose. CHAPTER 6. For more than 5 years many of our scientists have been fighting the war in the laboratories, in the factories and shops, and at the front. . We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. We have given much thought to the question of how plans for the use of Federal funds may be arranged so that such funds will not drive out of the picture funds from local governments, foundations, and private donors. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. The resulting typology not only gives insights into the relationships that might exist between static publications, but also the rich process whereby an ongoing research project evolves through interactions with the research literature. In the last 40 years life expectancy in the United States has increased from 49 to 65 years largely as a consequence of the reduction in the death rates of infants and children; in the last 20 years the death rate from the diseases of childhood has been reduced 87 percent. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. . 3. Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. A permanent Science Advisory Board should be created to consult with these scientific bureaus and to advise the executive and legislative branches of Government as to the policies and budgets of Government agencies engaged in scientific research. We submit, however, that the nation's need for more and better scientific research is such that the risk must be accepted. He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. Citation []. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. Bush, Vannevar; Abstract. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. There is no body within the Government charged with formulating or executing a national science policy. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. Statistically it is certain that important and highly useful discoveries will result from some fraction of the undertakings in basic science; but the results of any one particular investigation cannot be predicted with accuracy. Research is also affected by the patent laws. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. It is essential that both kinds of research go forward and that there be the closest liaison between the two groups. Science, the Endless Frontier V. Bush Published 18 December 1999 Political Science, Economics Science, the Endless Frontier View via Publisher Save to Library Create Alert 1,023 Citations Particle physics in public: legitimising curiosity-driven research on the Higgs boson and beyond Chih-Wei Yeh Physics 2019 Highly Influenced Office of Scientific Research and Development. 2. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. - 1. The excellent reports of the committees which studied these matters are attached as appendices. For many years the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has supplemented the work of the Army and Navy by conducting basic research on the problems of flight. More and better scientific research is essential to the achievement of our goal of full employment. SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC WELFARE 3. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. The commercial incentive can be relied upon for that. - Studies by the several committees provide a partial basis for making an estimate of the order of magnitude of the funds required to implement the proposed program. Language English Pages 184 This has always been true and is likely to remain so. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. Cardiovascular disease, including chronic disease of the kidneys, arteriosclerosis, and cerebral hemorrhage, now account for 45 percent of the deaths in the United States. 2021. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. In making contracts with or grants to such organizations the Foundation should protect the public interest adequately and at the same time leave the cooperating organization with adequate freedom and incentive to conduct scientific research. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't. Nor should the creation of the new agency be delayed by uncertainties in regard to the postwar organization of our military departments themselves. We could not suggest to you a program which would syphon into science and technology a disproportionately large share of the nation's highest abilities, without doing harm to the nation, nor, indeed, without crippling science. 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