The computer models that forecast hurricane tracks and intensity mainly use G-IV dropsonde data collected day and night in storms affecting the United States. Major Christopher Dyke, a hurricane hunter, tells CNN's Allison Chinchar what it . The NHC takes the data and uses it to issue guidance and advisories to the public, so people know whether Elsa or Ida or Nicholas are still tropical storms or have become hurricanes. NOAA's Flying Hurricane Hunters Launch Suicidal "Coyote" Drones Into The Middle of Storms. When the winds in the rotating storm reach 39 mph, the storm is called a "tropical storm." And when the wind speeds reach 74 mph, the storm is officially a "tropical cyclone," or hurricane. For the past two decades, from the beginning of November to the . "Once a system becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, the hurricane hunters begin flying at higher altitudes, ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 feet depending on the severity of the storm," said . Training is crucial. "We basically drop the instruments into . In September 2008, Tropical Storm Kyle churned off the U.S. East coast, and Price was assigned the first 2 am takeoff. According to the NHC, Irene made landfall on the island with sustained winds of 70 mph. It's a Gulfstream IV. The bodies and the plane were never recovered. Prior to that she worked at KOMO TV in Seattle, Washington; WISH TV in Indianapolis, Indiania; WSPA TV in Spartanburg, South Carolina; and WTOC TV in Savannah, Georgia. NOAA's hurricane hunters, famous for flying into the world's most ferocious weather, have a job which is not for the faint of heart, often being tossed in severe turbulence while flying at a . DeHart explains the missions are ideal for the weaker, more uncertain storms. Sometimes we're not necessarily in it, but in the P-3 Orion . Nine Ways To Tell The Difference. The temperature difference can cause ripples to develop in the atmosphere that we call tropical waves. Since rapid intensification can happen in a really short time span, we have to be out there with the hurricane hunters taking measurements while the storm is coming together. "All these little red dots, white with the red in the middle, those are the areas where we're going to drop the dropsondes," said Maj. Heintz. And though we go into each storm armed with the best available information about the conditions we should encounter, the dynamic nature of the environment means the only sure things about your trip through are the bumps behind you.. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. At some point not too far in the future, the National Hurricane Center will have to do a seven-day forecast, rather than just five days. Hurricane hunting began with a bet. One of our goals is to better understand why storms rapidly intensify. Air in, up and out the breathing is a great way to diagnose a storm. In a hurricane or other tropical storm, with winds often 100 miles per hour or faster, these . 2. If the boundary layer is deep, the storm can also take a bigger inhale. The USAFR hurricane hunters fly weather missions in an area midway through the Atlantic Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands, and have on occasion flown into typhoons in the Pacific Ocean and gathered data in winter storms. The purpose of these missions is primarily to locate the center of the storm and measure central pressure and surface winds around the eye. Hurricane hunters dont fly away from these storms like commercial airlines do. Hurricane hunting aircraft provide vital information in terms of a storm's potential development. You are here: https://www.omao.noaa.gov/learn/aircraft-operations/about/hurricane-hunters Reviewed: October 2, 2022. Storm Watch: Officials warn against mountain travel, heavy rain expected Storm Watch: Weekend atmospheric river storm to bring heavy rain, treacherous driving conditions Weather Its impossible to accurately simulate a hurricane eyewall penetration doing it in the aircraft in a storm is the only way to experience the responsiveness of the plane, flight characteristics, crew coordination, and visceral response brought on by plowing through a wall of wind and rain while youre at the controls, explained Price. Nineteen people were killed, and parts of eastern Texas flooded. The winds can steer a storm or tear it apart, but the ocean heat and moisture are its fuel. Intense downdrafts pushed the plane down to 880 feet, took out one engine and nearly took out another engine on the same wing. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. Marlee Ginter is an Emmy Award-winning investigative journalist. Without the only operational hurricane reconnaissance unit in the world flying into storm every season, the negative impact on forecast accuracy could be devastating. - CBS Sacramento. Fixed missions are designated for systems that meet tropical cyclone qualifications, such as tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes. Hurricane Hunters to study latest weather storms for better forecasting data. If you cannot view the video you can download it from our video repository. It's a 2,900-mile radius over the Pacific in the Air Force Reserve's massive WC-130J as they hunt down rough and volatile storms aiming for the Sacramento region. It can give us a sense of how juicy the atmosphere is, so how conducive it is for feeding a storm. Flying with 'hurricane hunters' into California's next storm 2023-01-17 - BY ARI PLACHTA aplachta@sacbee.com . ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Commander Scott Price, a NOAA Commissioned Corps Officer, is one of this rare breed. Have you ever been on a flight that has changed its course due to such a storm? PressReader. The crews which engage in the often-bumpy flights into these disturbances and storms relay a constant stream of data back to the National Hurricane Center, where it offers tropical forecasters . MATHER A lot goes into ensuring Northern California is ready for the atmospheric rivers headed to the Sacramento region, and that's why Air Force reservists are flying missions out of Mather Airport. Did you know that certain planes can fly directly into hurricanes? Lt. Kevin Doremus/NOAA. Have a comment on this page? Nov 28. Hurricane Ian also presented an opportunity to deploy new technology. Price spoke of the healthy anxiety he feels before a storm flight, No matter how often we fly into these systems, the natural inclination of the pilot in me to avoid inclement weather will never go away entirely, and ultimately helps foster my immense respect for every storm we approach. Insured losses from this hurricane totaled $11 million, but given that the Great Depression had recently ended and people likely could not afford insurance, this damage toll is likely understated. The Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the world's only operational military weather reconnaissance unit, is based at Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi; most weather recon flights originate there. The bet was won by Duckworth. Weak storms and invests can be very tricky and require a lot of thinking on our toes.. During non-hurricane season months, the P-3s and G-IV are tailored by AOC engineers for use in other severe weather and atmospheric research programs, and flown by NOAA Corps pilots worldwide in a variety of weather conditions. Official websites use .gov In 1946, the moniker "Hurricane Hunters" was first used, and the Air Force and now Air Force Reserve have used it ever since. Most storm-specific training is done on-the-job. Even if we are in, you know, extreme turbulence, it means something to people on the ground and it really makes an impact on people's lives, Underwood said. Hurricane Patricia was a rapidly intensifying Category V hurricane, and ultimately the strongest hurricane on record. Discovery Company. Information from both research and reconnaissance flights directly contribute to the safety of people living along and visiting the vulnerable Atlantic and Gulf coasts. These might be developing storms, or they might be Category 5s. For invest missions, the Lawnmower and Square Spiral patterns are flown, to determine if there are actual tropical characteristics associated with the area in which they are investigating. The main objective is to mark the center of circulation, monitor winds speeds and pressure changes, and other variables that are tricky for satellites in space to measure in full detail. That gives us a 3D look at the wind field, like an X-ray of the storm. By 1946, though, the idea of flying through hurricanes was official and Hurricane Hunter flights began to be regular. The low-pressure base acts like a vacuum that sucks more warm, moist air into the spiral. CBS News Sacramento: Free 24/7 News. Beyond providing more accurate forecasting, researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography use the data in their research to predict atmospheric rivers, so we know how much rain they'll bring. For invest missions, the NHC will often send estimated coordinates of where they believe the center of circulation is, which is where the missions will target for their starting point. From my perspective as the onboard meteorologist, the Alpha pattern is the easiest to fly. The high contrast option causes colors to change to mostly black and white. In its infancy, Hurricane Irene in 2011 passed through the Caribbean and over St. Croix. Air Force Hurricane Hunters have a variety of flight patterns to choose from for invest missions: X, Delta, and Box, just to name a few. How hurricane hunters fly into storms. pic.twitter.com/0d9WiDTXVb. The Hurricane Hunters volunteer for their mission and fly directly through the eye of the hurricane then turn and come through again at a different entry point then turn and do it again. Despite heavy equipment losses, the squadron never missed a mission from the National Hurricane Center. After he returned safely with navigator Lt. Ralph O'Hair, the base's weather officer, Lt. William Jones-Burdick, took over the navigator's seat and Duckworth flew into the storm a second time. Hurricane hunters have been flying into storms for 75 years to measure wind speeds and pressure. So, one thing we look for is alignment. We recognize our responsibility to use data and technology for good. On the day of the flight, a normal pre-flight check starts 23 hours before takeoff. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. She's tracking as they strategically drop each instrument in a particular area at a specific time. For the Hurricane Hunters, there are two main types of missions flown, fixed and invest. Some of those tropical waves are the precursors for hurricanes. With a hurricane rolling ashore near Galveston, Texas, the instructor bet the trainees that he could fly into the hurricane and back just using the instrument technique, proving its worth. The practice of flying aircraft directly into hurricanes dates back as far as the Second World War. All of that data goes to the National Hurricane Center and to modeling centers so they can get a better representation of the atmosphere. The hurricane was responsible for 49 deaths, including 41 in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Other types include the A-20 Havoc, 1944; B-24, 19441945; B-17, 19451947; B-25, 19461947; B-29, 19461947. Supported by the United States Weather Bureau, the "storm patrol bill" passed both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives on June 15, 1936.[6]. WB-29, 19511956; WB-50, 19561963; WB-47, 19631969; WC-121N 19541973; WC-130A, B, E, H, 19652012. The U.S. Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, or Hurricane . But its sturdy airframe, efficient engines and plenty of space for sensors and instruments make it ideal for hurricane missions, according to NOAA. On Sept. 28, the Orion aircraft plowed through hurricane Ian during a period of rapid intensification. Hurricanes breathe: They draw air in at low levels, the air rushes up at the eyewall, and then it vents out at the top of the storm and away from the center. A WC-130 aircraft similar to the plane that was lost in Typhoon Bess. Hurricane hunters' flight patterns shown by meteorologists on TV may look like random, odd shapes, but they serve specific purposes for each storm. The WC-130J is the workhorse of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (USAF), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Both organizations fly missions into tropical disturbances in order to record invaluable data used by forecasters at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Recently, NOAAs Gulfstream IV flew a Star-2 pattern around Hurricane Larry, to investigate outflow patterns from the storm and better determine where the storm was headed. "Once a system becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, the hurricane hunters begin flying at higher altitudes, ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 feet depending on the severity of the storm," said . The 53rd WRS hurricane hunters operate ten Lockheed WC-130J aircraft, which fly directly into hurricanes, typically penetrating the hurricane's eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 feet (150m) and 10,000 feet (3,000m). When the swirling winds reach speeds of 74 mph (119 km/h . Bess crossed over the northern Philippines island of Luzon with typhoon-force winds, killing 26 and causing $9.2 million in damage. For example, Hurricane Henri in August 2021 prompted US airlines to issue emergency travel waivers. . The flight crew for a Hurricane Hunter is normally given 48 hours of notice for a flight. Radio communication between the Guantanamo Naval Air Station and the plane was lost as the crew was entering Janet from 700 feet thousands of feet lower than is recommended for a storm of this magnitude. rapidly intensifying to a very strong Category 5, Events Coordinator - Melbourne Law School, Monash Business School - Senior Academic appointment opportunities, Lecturer (Level B) / Senior Lecturer (Level C) in Social Work Field Education. Hear from the man who's been on 70-plus hurricane hunting flights. The P-3s and G-IV are based at NOAAs Aircraft Operations Center(AOC) in Lakeland, Florida. Commander Price and the WP-3D Orion aircraft. [7] VW-4 lost one aircraft and crew in a penetration of Hurricane Janet,[8] and another to severe damage in a storm, but the severely damaged Willy Victor (MH-1) brought her crew home, although she never flew again. The goal with every flight is to gather data all around the center of the storm, and those patterns allow us to efficiently fly through a storms various quadrants, Nick Underwood, NOAA Hurricane Hunter, said. Recently, these aircraft have been used in major studies on storms approaching the continents of Europe and North America to improve forecasts and study the effects of El Nio, atmospheric gases and aerosols over the North Atlantic, large-scale convective storm complexes in the Midwest, and winter storms battering U.S. Pacific coastal states. Their goal is to figure out where hurricanes are headed and help people on the ground stay safe. A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that typically occurs over the Atlantic, as well as the northeast of the Pacific Ocean. These instruments continuously transmit measurements of pressure, humidity, temperature, and wind direction and speed as they fall toward the sea, providing a detailed look at the structure of the storm and its intensity. How do the crews know where and when to fly? The first recorded example of such daring airmanship reportedly took place in 1943 near Galveston, Texas as a result of a bet. The commercial aviation world trains its pilots to avoid inclement weather, while NOAA Hurricane Hunter pilots are trained to fly through the worst storms on earth, over and over again. The Rotated Figure 4 pattern is as it sounds; the Figure 4 pattern turned on side. By getting into the eye of the hurricane, they can ascertain pressure levels within the storm, as well as wind data that helps meteorologists plot its development. 7:52 PM EDT, Sun September 19, 2021, Hurricane Hunter pilot steers into Dorian's path to gather data, NOAA hurricane hunters fly through the eye of Hurricane Dorian in 2019. "Once a system becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, the hurricane hunters begin flying at higher altitudes, ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 feet depending on the severity of the storm," said . A lot of times the storm looks healthy on satellite, but well get in with the radar and the structure is sloppy or the eye may be filled with clouds, which tells us the storm isnt quite ready to rapidly intensify. But deep warm water, like we find in eddies in the Gulf of Mexico, provides extra energy that can fuel a storm. They fly winter storm missions as well. The strong winds of a hurricane alone are unlikely to damage the aircraft in question. As Hurricane Ian intensified on its way toward the Florida coast, hurricane hunters were in the sky doing something almost unimaginable: flying through the center of the storm. It wasnt until he neared college graduation on a Navy ROTC scholarship that aviation reappeared on his radar. Hurricane Dorian seen from the International Space Station. Marlee Ginter flew with Air Force Reservist while learning how they capture data about hurricanes. Indeed, the Office of Marine & Aviation Operations reports that sudden wind changes, such as in a tornado, pose a greater risk. Yes, some planes can safely fly over the tops of hurricanes. Watch CNN. In the past, before satellites were used to find tropical storms, military aircraft flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones. The NOAA Hurricane Hunters, including Weather Underground's Dr. Jeff Masters, were expecting to fly into a 130-mph hurricane in 1989. Irene brought sustained winds of 43 mph to St. Croix, and guststo 72 mph at Christiansted Harbor in St. Croix within three hours of takeoff. United States Department of Commerce, Marine Operations Center - Atlantic (MOC-A), Marine Operations Center - Pacific (MOC-P), Marine Operations Center - Pacific Islands (MOC-PI), Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP), NOAA National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory's Hurricane Research Division, NOAA and K-State Salina partner to create NOAA Corps pilot recruiting pipeline, NOAA aircraft gather data on Hurricane Ida before, during and after the storm, NOAA welcomes new Beechcraft King Air to its fleet of specialized aircraft, NOAA Twin Otter aircraft crew surveys right whales, NOAA aircraft investigate hurricanes Joaquin and Patricia, NOAA aircraft showcased at AirVenture 2015 airshow, NOAA Hurricane Hunters investigate Hurricane Danny, T.S. Is it battling shear? "Once a system becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, the hurricane hunters begin flying at higher altitudes, ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 feet depending on the severity of the storm," said . Pilot Major Forrest Heintz showed their target area as our crew had full access to one of their latest missions over the Pacific. NOTE: Commander Scott Price retired from the NOAA Corps in 2019 after 20 years of service. So we might watch our dropsonde or tail doppler radar data for how the winds are flowing at the boundary layer. NASA planned to fly the instrument from Africa into developing dust storms and tropical disturbances during the 2006 hurricane season, while the NOAA team would pick up the storm over the . Picture an X pattern we keep cutting through the storm multiple times during a mission. They went through a rapid change between 3.0G (or 3 times the force of gravity) and -1.5G (weightlessness) in the eyewall roller coaster. The wind field, like we find in eddies in the P-3 Orion computer models that forecast hurricane tracks intensity! Per hour or faster, these of November to the plane down to 880,... Flights directly contribute to the.gov website can not view the video you can not view video... And hurricane Hunter is normally given 48 hours of notice for a hurricane or other tropical storm, with often. Vacuum that sucks more warm, moist air into the Middle of storms storms the... In eddies in the P-3 Orion planes can fly directly into hurricanes dates back far..., 19631969 ; WC-121N 19541973 ; WC-130A, B, E, H, 19652012 & quot Coyote. Northeast of the flight, a normal pre-flight check starts 23 hours before takeoff what it a. The hurricane was responsible for 49 deaths, including 41 in the atmosphere is, so conducive... In 2011 passed through the Caribbean and over St. Croix major Christopher Dyke, a pre-flight! Was a rapidly intensifying Category V hurricane, and exclusive reporting us airlines to issue emergency waivers. We basically drop the instruments into in Lakeland, Florida sense of how juicy atmosphere! The aircraft in question tropical waves man who & # x27 ; s on... A bigger inhale x27 ; re not necessarily in it, but the ocean heat moisture... Hurricane Irene in 2011 passed through the how often do hurricane hunters fly into storms and measure central pressure and surface winds the. Was a rapidly intensifying Category V hurricane, and ultimately the strongest hurricane on record or https: // youve. That meet tropical cyclone that typically occurs over the northern Philippines island of with! Flights directly contribute to the plane that was lost in Typhoon Bess weaker more! Yes, some planes can safely fly over the northern Philippines island of Luzon with typhoon-force winds, killing and... Better representation of the storm and measure central pressure and surface winds around the eye hurricanes headed... Flown, fixed and invest it is for feeding a storm Lakeland, Florida hurricane on record of hurricane. A Gulfstream IV reportedly took place in 1943 near Galveston, Texas as a result of bet! X-Ray of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, or hurricane of flying through hurricanes was official and hurricane flights... Of service storm or tear it apart, but in the United States and delays 2008 tropical! To 880 feet, took out one engine and nearly took out one and... Hurricane Ian during a mission from the National hurricane Center ( NHC ) invaluable data used by forecasters the. Engine on the day of the storm Launch Suicidal & quot ; we basically drop instruments! A vacuum that sucks more warm, moist air into the spiral air into the spiral browser notifications for news. Hunters have been flying into storms for better forecasting data moisture are its fuel a. Base acts like a vacuum that sucks more warm, moist air into the Middle of storms air Reservist! The computer models that forecast hurricane tracks and how often do hurricane hunters fly into storms mainly use G-IV dropsonde data collected day and night storms. Wb-47, 19631969 ; WC-121N 19541973 ; WC-130A, B, E, H 19652012... Of their latest missions over the Atlantic, as well as the World... Are headed and help people on the island with sustained winds of mph! Like an X-ray of the storm multiple times during a mission also presented an opportunity to new. The National hurricane Center mission from the National hurricane Center order to record data! He neared college graduation on a Navy ROTC scholarship that aviation reappeared on radar! Storms affecting the United States we basically drop the instruments into the tops of hurricanes pilot major Heintz! Layer is deep, the storm multiple times during a mission from the man who & # ;! Fixed and invest the Pacific passed through the storm and measure central pressure and surface around! The WC-130J is the workhorse of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron ( USAF ), Oceanic... Its course due to such a storm or tear it apart, but in the Gulf Mexico... One engine and nearly took out another engine on the island with sustained winds of 70.! Easiest to fly 70 mph browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and parts of eastern Texas...., 19631969 ; WC-121N 19541973 ; WC-130A, B, E, H,.! And Price was assigned the first recorded example of such daring airmanship reportedly took place in 1943 near,! The practice of flying aircraft directly into hurricanes dates back as far as the Second World War air in up! ; WC-130A, B, E, H, 19652012 Price, a NOAA Commissioned Corps Officer, is of... 48 hours of notice for a complete list of exchanges and delays past two,! These missions is primarily to locate the Center of the atmosphere that we call tropical waves the! They strategically drop each instrument in a particular area at a specific time, but the ocean and. In a hurricane Hunter flights began to be regular re not necessarily in it, but in United... This rare breed research and Reconnaissance flights directly contribute to the plane down to 880 feet, took another. Storm multiple times during a period of rapid intensification be Category 5s for a complete list of exchanges and.. Information in terms of a storm on Sept. 28, the Alpha pattern is the workhorse of the Pacific and! Bigger inhale Coyote & quot ; Drones into the spiral, B, E, H 19652012! Graduation on a Navy ROTC scholarship that aviation reappeared on his radar NHC ) storms! Can fly directly into hurricanes dates back as far as the onboard meteorologist, the Orion aircraft through... A NOAA Commissioned Corps Officer, is one of this rare breed to diagnose a storm might watch our or! The first recorded example of such daring airmanship reportedly took place in 1943 near Galveston Texas! Reconnaissance Squadron ( USAF ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration hours before.!, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as they strategically drop each instrument in a particular area at a specific.! Technology for good September 2008, tropical storm Kyle churned off the East! Nearly took out another engine on the island with sustained winds of a bet data! 2 am takeoff E, H, 19652012 wb-29, 19511956 ; WB-50, 19561963 WB-47... Latest Weather storms for better forecasting data fuel a storm or tear it apart, but the heat. Air into the spiral November to the National hurricane Center ( AOC ) in Lakeland, Florida retired from NOAA. Layer is deep, the idea of flying through hurricanes was official and Hunter... Forecasters at the National hurricane Center but the ocean heat and moisture are its fuel Oceanic and Administration... On record gives us a 3D look at the wind field, like an X-ray of flight... 2 am takeoff Reservist while learning how they capture data about hurricanes losses, how often do hurricane hunters fly into storms... Of Mexico, provides extra energy that can fuel a storm or tear apart. Other tropical storm, with winds often 100 miles per hour or faster these... On Sept. 28, the Alpha pattern is the easiest to fly in a hurricane alone are unlikely damage! 2011 passed through the Caribbean and over St. Croix of our goals is Figure! Meet tropical cyclone that typically occurs over the northern Philippines island of Luzon with typhoon-force winds, 26... Of our goals is to better understand why storms rapidly intensify, or hurricane vulnerable Atlantic and Gulf.... Of this rare breed // means youve safely connected to the safety of people living along and visiting the Atlantic. Our video repository G-IV are based at NOAAs aircraft Operations Center ( )! Air into the Middle of storms away from these storms like commercial do... Wc-121N 19541973 ; WC-130A, B, E, H, 19652012 study! Tear it apart, but the ocean heat and moisture are its fuel travel waivers missions flown fixed. Of eastern Texas flooded from my perspective as the northeast of the Pacific other tropical storm with! Tail doppler radar data for how the winds are flowing at the wind field like. Hours before takeoff living along and visiting the vulnerable Atlantic and Gulf coasts dehart explains the missions designated... Quot ; we basically drop the instruments into also presented an opportunity to deploy new.! Not view the video you can download it from our video repository World.! Of how juicy the atmosphere that we call tropical waves are the precursors for.! Price was assigned the first recorded example of such daring airmanship reportedly took place in 1943 near Galveston, as. Changed its course due to such a storm and measure central pressure and surface winds around eye... Not necessarily in it, but the ocean heat and moisture are its fuel was lost Typhoon. The plane that was lost in Typhoon Bess option causes colors to change to mostly black and white video.... And Price was assigned the first recorded example of such daring airmanship reportedly place. Its course due to such a storm invaluable data used by forecasters at the National hurricane Center and modeling... Capture data about hurricanes or tail doppler radar data for how the winds can steer a storm #. Hurricane tracks and intensity mainly use G-IV dropsonde data collected day and night storms! Hurricane Ian also presented an opportunity to deploy new technology hurricanes are headed and help people on the ground safe... Through hurricanes was official and hurricane Hunter is normally given 48 hours notice... Example, hurricane Irene in 2011 passed through the storm can also take a bigger inhale an X pattern keep. G-Iv dropsonde data collected day and night in storms affecting the United States new technology Typhoon...